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Dhyana in Hinduism
''Dhyāna'' (Sanskrit; Devanagari: ध्यान) or ''Jhāna'' (झान) (Pāli) in Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism means meditation which is "a deeper awareness of oneness which is inclusive of perception of body, mind, senses and surroundings, yet remaining unidentified with it". ''Dhyana'' is taken up after preceding exercises, and leads to samadhi and self-knowledge, separating ''māyā'' from reality to help attain the ultimate goal of ''mokṣa''.
==History==
The term 'dhyana' is used in Jainism, Dhyāna in Buddhism and Hinduism, with somewhat different meanings.
The origins of the practice of dhyana, which culminates into samadhi, are a matter of dispute. Bronkhorst believes dhyana was a Buddhist invention, although Buddha was born a Hindu, and familiar with the Hindu meditative traditions like dhyana; whereas Alexander Wynne argues that dhyana was incorporated from Brahmanical practices, in the Nikayas ascribed to Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta. These practices were paired to mindfulness and insight, and given a new interpretation. Kalupahana argues that the Buddha "reverted to the meditational practices" he had learned from Alara Kalama and Uddaka Ramaputta.
In the Hindu tradition, the term is considered to have first appeared in the Upanishads. In most of the later Hindu traditions, which derive form Patanjali's Raja Yoga, dhyana is "a refined meditative practice", a "deeper concentration of the mind", which is taken up after preceding exercises. In Hinduism, dhyāna is considered to be an instrument to gain self-knowledge, separating Maya illusion from reality to help attain the ultimate goal of moksha.
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